Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Francisca Sánchez Sánchez
Author-Name: A.M. Sánchez
Author-Name: David Ruiz Muñoz
Title:  Análisis estadístico sociolaboral de los municipios en Andalucía
Abstract: Resumen:Se analizan las principales características sociales, laborales y demográficas de los municipios andaluces, lo que permite realizar un diagnóstico de la realidad sociolaboral en el ámbito municipal. Para realizar el análisis aplicamos técnicas estadísticas de análisis multivariante a un número elevado de variables. Los resultados muestran que en plena crisis financiera, las zonas urbanas y grandes municipios andaluces son el “motor” laboral de Andalucía frente a los pequeños municipios que se ven fuertemente  afectados por el paro. También se proporciona un análisis laboral por género de aquellos municipios con mayor “dinamismo sociolaboral”. Los resultados muestran que son los hombres los que se ven afectados en menor medida por el desempleo y presentan condiciones laborales de mayor estabilidad en el puesto de trabajo que las mujeres. Además, existe una fuerte segregación según el género por sectores de ocupación.Abstract:
Introduction
The
consideration of territory in economic analysis is a matter of great interest
in both economic and spatial geography (Trívez Bielsa (2004)). In the specific
case of the labor market, the social and labour analysis between the different
territorial units that integrate a country, region or province acquires great
importance to determine the possible differences between these units.
For
the analysis of territorial development, the peculiar and diverse conditions of
each territory need to be considered (Zoido and Caravaca (2005), Pita and
Pedregal (2011)). It is essential to have a detailed knowledge of the reality
of a given territory to be able to change it, enabling it to make proposals that
affect the improvement of localized problems.
In
our research, we will analyze the spatial distribution of economic activity, the
main purpose being of this study is to make a diagnosis about the social and
labour reality of the municipalities of the Andalusian Autonomous Community
during 2011. To achieve this objective we will use economic, labor, demographic
and geographical variables of the Andalusian municipal population, which will
allow us to establish the main characteristics of the Andalusian territory in
aspects related to the objective here indicated. Our fundamental contribution
to the study proposed here is to analyze the municipalities considering their
differences according to their size, while in other studies only municipalities
that exceed a minimum number of inhabitants are analyzed (see for example
Caravaca et al.)).
Once
the Andalusian municipalities have been characterized at a social and labour
level, we will focus on those who stand out most in the workplace because they
present better results, providing a vision of the labor market from a gender
perspective. We will therefore carry out an analysis trying to identify the
possible differences in the labor scope according to gender. It is necessary to
take into account the increase in the female labor force and its incursion into
the labor market, since the last third of the twentieth century, the greater
integration of women in the labor market has been a major event, the most
relevant role of women both socially and culturally.
Our
study is carried out in the middle of the financial crisis (year 2011), which
has undoubtedly had an important impact in the Andalusian municipalities, since
Andalusia is a region especially affected by the crisis and within it urban
areas that have a significant presence in this Autonomous Community, given the
large number of cities that make up its territory and its balanced spatial
distribution (Feria, 1992 and 2007). The fact that the study takes place during
a period of economic crisis makes the results can’t be generalized to periods
outside of the crisis. We must consider the effects that the crisis has had on
unemployment rates, incomes, worsening social conditions, etc. Many authors
have analyzed the effects of the crisis in urban areas (Harvey (2012), Méndez
(2013a)). The analysis of the cities allows the study of the territorial
impacts of the crisis, since they concentrate mainly the population, companies,
etc., that help to activate the economy, but also in periods of crisis are
affected to a greater extent. In our study, we are not limited to the analysis
of urban areas, but we will expand the study to the municipal geographic scope,
identifying possible municipal geographic areas affected to a greater extent by
the economic crisis, which will directly affect the territorial development
processes of the region, this being linked to the economic characteristics of
their cities, the social welfare of their inhabitants and the territorial and
environmental sustainability.
Methodology
For
the preparation of this study we have based on official statistics published by
the Institute of Statistics of Andalusia (IEA) and the National Institute of
Statistics (INE), in particular, the information refers to variables published
in the 2011 Census.
In
the analysis of data will be applied multivariate statistical techniques of
Factor Analysis, Cluster Analysis and Discriminant Analysis.
Main
results
Based
on the results obtained in the study, the municipalities can be classified
according to three groups: municipalities with a favorable, average and
unfavorable employment situation. This allows us to conclude that smaller
municipalities are the most affected by unemployment, while urban and large
municipalities are better able to withstand the consequences of the economic
and financial crisis. No doubt the period in which the analysis was carried
out, in the middle of a crisis, has had an important impact on the results
obtained.
The
municipalities that are more distant of the city are municipalities with
greater population stopped, inactive and aged.
Another
aspect of note is that in general the municipalities of western Andalusia have
a young population and the population that is occupied works mainly in the
sector of the agriculture. However, in provincial capitals the population is
mainly employed in the construction, industry and services sectors.
For
the municipalities with a strong social and labour dynamism, the analysis by
gender allows us to conclude that the male population is affected to a lesser
extent by unemployment than women and also have more stable working conditions
in the workplace, these associations weak. In addition men are mainly engaged
in agriculture, industry and construction. In the case of working women, the
temporary contract is more frequent and is mainly occupied in the services
sector.
Conclusions
In
this study fundamentally a diagnosis of the social and labour reality of the
Andalusian municipalities has been made, characterizing the main labor aspects
by municipal scope. As a general conclusion it could be said that the
provincial capitals and large Andalusian municipalities are the social and labour
engine of the Andalusian Community. These are municipalities with high values
of active population, large number of companies, are workers with fixed and
temporary contracts and are mainly engaged in the sectors of industry,
construction and services.
The
results show the social and labour heterogeneity of Andalusia as well as that
the geographical proximity between municipalities does not necessarily indicate
proximity to the social and labour level of these.
The
analysis by gender indicates that in the labor market women still have
obstacles to overcome such as increase their presence in the labor market in
those sectors where men predominate, development of policies to avoid female employment
or improvements in the type of contract so as to be able to achieve full
integration on equal terms with respect to man.
Classification-JEL: R1
Keywords: Crisis, Desarrollo territorial, Municipios, Andalucía, Género, Territorial development, municipality, Andalusia, Gender
Pages: 153-175
Volume: 2
Year: 2018
File-URL: http://www.revistaestudiosregionales.com/documentos/articulos/pdf-articulo-2549.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:rer:articu:v:2:y:2018:p:153-175