Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alberto Turnes Abelenda
Author-Name: Xavier Vence Deza
Title:  Una aproximación a los flujos interterritoriales ocultos derivados de la ejecución de obra pública financiada por el Estado en las Comunidades Autónomas. El caso de Galicia 2015-2012
Abstract: Resumen:El
gasto público y de forma especial las inversiones en infraestructuras, tienen
un efecto directo –inmediato y a largo plazo- en el territorio de ejecución. La
literatura económica ha puesto de manifiesto esa relación, aunque su
importancia varíe en función de los modelos y metodología para su
cuantificación, el país y período considerados. Cuando se analizan inversiones
en territorios concretos dentro de un estado se plantea la dificultad de
cuantificar la territorialidad de sus efectos, ya que estos no se restringen al
territorio donde se emplaza la inversión. Pero ese desbordamiento
extraterritorial resulta, si cabe, más evidente en el caso de los efectos de
corto plazo de la ejecución. Efectivamente, existen otros flujos indirectos
ligados a la actividad de ejecución, normalmente realizada mediante concursos
públicos y empresas adjudicatarias, que pueden generar otro tipo de flujos económicos
hacia territorios diferentes al cual se localiza la inversión y que dependen de
la localización de las empresas adjudicatarias y proveedores.
En
este artículo nos centramos específicamente en los que pueden ser denominados
como flujos interterritoriales no explícitos que derivan de la ejecución de
obra pública realizada por la Administración Central en un territorio y que se
materializan a través de los beneficios industriales y gastos generales que ésta
genera y que suponen un flujo hacia aquellos territorios donde se ubican las
sedes de las empresas adjudicatarias de obra pública, promoviendo importantes
externalidades positivas tanto en el proceso de concentración-centralización
empresarial y capacidad fiscal.
Una
vez acotado el problema y obtenida la información de base realizamos una cuantificación
de tales efectos extraterritoriales derivados de la licitación de obra pública
del Estado en la Comunidad Autónoma de Galicia para el período 2005-2012. Los
resultados muestran una clara extraversión de los beneficios y los impuestos en
favor de la Comunidad sede de las grandes empresas de obra pública (CA de
Madrid) y ello constituye un flujo complementario relevante a la hora de
analizar los flujos fiscales entre territorios (balanzas fiscales).
  Abstract:In the
large literature on the effects of public investment in infrastructure on
economic growth, a phenomenon related to the spillover effects that derives
from such investment in infrastructures promoted by the Central Administration
is omitted. The fact that the public spending on infrastructure is executed
through the concession of work to a private company, generates a series of flows
among different territories, promoting not only a benefit in that territory
where the infrastructure is built, also, in the territory where the companies
that execute the work are concentrated.
We observe
that the Central Administration carries out a policy of public expenditure in
Galicia through, in this case, investment in infrastructure, but at the same
time this policy generates a series of economic flows that return to the
territory where it is located the contractor company. This way is assumed that
such investment will bring with it the generation of:
1. On the
one hand we would have the creation of the tangible fixed asset: the creation
of the infrastructure in a certain territory. 
2. On the
other hand we would have the economic activity generated in the infrastructure
construction process, which materializes, by one side, in the purchases of
goods and specialized services and group purchases and suppliers, and on the
other side, through of the so-called Overhead Costs.
3. Finally,
we would have as another generated asset, the Business Profit that if is obtained
from the bidding of the work itself and it that would accumulate in those
territories where the headquarters of the companies are located. As a result of
this, also it is generated an increase in income and related taxes, such as the
Corporation Tax and the Property Tax, in those territories where the
beneficiary companies concentrate.
The key
point is that the economic activity linked to the execution of
investment/public purchasing represents nowadays a fundamental policy of the
Spanish economy, and indeed the location of the awarding companies is not
territorially equidistributed, rather the opposite, it presents a very strong
concentration in a small number of Autonomous Communities or cities.
This
sector, in particular the large companies of Construction and Infrastructure,
is based mainly in the capital of the State and therefore, it is possible to
formulate the hypothesis that part of the public expenditure executed by the
State in peripheral Autonomous Communities acts as a development / engine of
the sector of the construction and industry and services associated to said
sector located in the capital, constituting one of its most important
productive specializations.
Against
this background, we believe it is necessary to open the reflection on such
extraterritorial effects, that is, those flows that are generated through
public expenditure promoted by the central Administration and , particularly
those related to public investment or public purchases financed with that
expenditure and that it materializes concretely in the so-called Industrial Profits
and Overhead Costs, insofar as they act as a motor for an economic activity of
the powerful business sector that executes these activities
Taking in
account the indicated above, this academic work tries to indicate and quantify
the existence of a flow, specifically the industrial profits and overhead
costs, which go from the different territories to the capital of the State and
that are a consequence of the State investment in infrastructure in Galicia.
The
methodology developed for it follows the next points. 
1.
Identification of the 20 main companies awarded public works tendered by the
State in Galicia and the location of their headquarters, as well as the volume
awarded by each of the companies for the period 2005-2012. The selection of the
period has been based on two criteria. The first of these is that during those
years, the largest investment in public works of the Central Administration in
Galicia takes place. The second reason is that in that period two sub-phases
can be observed: one of expansion of public spending and another one of
containment of the public cost
In order to
carry out this exercise, the data provided by the annual reports of the General
State Administration in Galicia and the data published by the Galician
Construction Federation, are used. This last source of data collects the volume
of adjudication (cost of work, percentage of industrial benefits and VAT) per
company and level of Administration (Central Administration, CCAA, Provincial
Councils and Provincial Councils)
Although
the Galician Construction Federation can not be considered an official source,
the information issued is selected from official sources. For this, the
Federation carries out a follow-up of the profiles of contractors of the
different levels of Public Administration (Central Administration, Autonomous
Communities, City Councils and Provincial Councils). 
2.
Estimation of the industrial profits associated with such companies. The
General Regulation of the Contracts of Public Administration Act, approved by
Royal Decree 1098/2001 establishes that the
percentage of the industrial profits must be the 6%. But this percentage may
vary due to multiple reasons: the final price of the work, company feature,
scales economies, etc.
To obtain a
more realistic approximation to the percentage of industrial profits, it has
been chosen the database of the Bank of Spain. Specifically the database of
“Sector Ratios of Non-Financial Companies”,
focusing on the activity sector “Construction of roads and railways, bridges
and tunnels (F401)” and in companies
with incomes bigger than 50 million Euros. In such database, the profitability
is understood as: Result before Taxes / Own Funds.
On the
other hand, the ratio is established for three quartiles (Q1, Q2, Q3). In the
present work, the Q1 has been chosen, since it includes the value over which
75% of the aggregate companies are located. 
3. Estimation
of the overhead costs associated with the 20 main public works contractors in
Galicia. Such calculation is based on what is established in the General
Regulation of the Public Administration Contracts Law, approved by Royal Decree
1098/2001. In this case the law establishes that the percentage must be placed
among 13%-17%
4. Finally,
we estimate the whole of industrial profits and overhead cots obtained by the
main companies awarded public works in Galicia for the period 2005-2012. 
The results indicate,
on the one hand, that the main companies awarded public works promoted by the
Central Administration in Galicia, are located in Madrid. In this sense, this
territory becomes the main beneficiary of industrial profits and overhead costs
of all state. The industrial profits and the overhead costs obtained for the
Madrid companies’ reach, for the whole period, a total of 1.211 million Euros,
representing 16,91% of the total volume awarded in Galicia by the
Administration Central. This amount is close to that received by Galicia for
the same period, from the Interregional Compensation Fund.
Classification-JEL: R1
Keywords: Balanza Fiscal, Descentralización, Composición del gasto público, Solidaridad interterritorial, Efectos Indirectos, Fiscal Balances, Tax decentralization, Public expenditure, Interregional Solidarity, Indirect Effects
Pages: 95-112
Volume: 2
Year: 2019
File-URL: http://www.revistaestudiosregionales.com/documentos/articulos/pdf-articulo-2571.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:rer:articu:v:2:y:2019:p:95-112